Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan (/ˈkuːblaɪ ˈkɑːn/;[1] Mongolian: Хубилай хаан, Xubilaĭ xaan; Middle Mongol: Qubilai Qaγan, "KhaganQubilai"; September 23, 1215 – February 18, 1294),[2][3] born Kublai (Mongolian: Хубилай, Xubilaĭ; Middle Mongol:Qubilai; also spelled Khubilai) and also known by the temple name Shizu (Emperor Shizu of Yuan; Chinese: 元世祖;pinyin: Yuán Shìzǔ; Wade–Giles: Yüan Shih-tsu), was the fifth Khagan (Great Khan) of the Mongol Empire (Ikh Mongol Uls), reigning from 1260 to 1294 (although due to the division of the empire this was a nominal position). He also founded the Yuan dynasty in China as a conquest dynasty in 1271, and ruled as the first Yuan emperor until his death in 1294.
Kublai was the fourth son of Tolui (his second son with Sorghaghtani Beki) and a grandson of Genghis Khan. He succeeded his older brother Möngke as Khagan in 1260, but had to defeat his younger brother Ariq Böke in the Toluid Civil War lasting until 1264. This episode marked the beginning of disunity in the empire.[4] Kublai's real power was limited to China and Mongolia, though as Khagan he still had influence in the Ilkhanate and, to a significantly lesser degree, in the Golden Horde.[5][6][7] If one counts the Mongol Empire at that time as a whole, his realm reached from thePacific Ocean to the Black Sea, from Siberia to what is now Afghanistan – one fifth of the world's inhabited land area.[8]
In 1271, Kublai established the Yuan dynasty, which ruled over present-day Mongolia, China, Korea, and some adjacent areas, and assumed the role of Emperor of China. By 1279, the Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty was completed and Kublai became the first non-native emperor to conquer all of China.
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